壬基酚对Americamysis bahia种群安全暴露基准浓度的确定

采用正态分布累积函数和幂函数,分别建立了壬基酚(NP)对Americamysis bahia多代种群暴露影响的浓度-种群周限增长率(λ)和浓度-种群内禀增长率(r)曲线,根据各自拟合的模型选择基准(MSC)值选择幂函数浓度-r曲线来估算种群安全暴露浓度.使用浓度-r曲线的浓度(r=0)的95%置信区间下限作为种群水平上的安全暴露基准浓度,确定了NP对Americamysis bahia种群多代安全暴露浓度(1.87μg·l-1).这个基准浓度要低于多代暴露实验所获得的NP的个体水平上的慢性繁殖毒性的安全浓度(12μg·l-1).     

The relationship between surface dust lead loadings on carpets and the blood lead of young children

The final clean-up of residential lead abatement projects in federally-supported housing, as well as in other housing in a number of states, must meet surface dust lead clearance levels expressed as g of lead per square foot. These clearance levels were established because hand-to-mouth ingestion of lead-contaminated dust is recognised as a major pathway through which many children are exposed. A dilemma exists because many floors in housing undergoing abatement are carpeted and the established clearance levels are generally not recommended for use on carpets. These clearance levels are also used as 'action levels' to determine whether exposure reduction activities are needed. The US Environmental Protection Agency is currently in the process of issuing standards for hazardous levels of lead in interior dust and bare soil under Title X of the Housing and Community Development Act of 1992, The Residential Lead-Based Paint Hazard Reduction Act of 1992. An effort to develop a potential surface dust lead clearance level for carpets was made using an existing vacuum dust collection method that has previously been shown to be a reliable indicator of childhood lead exposure. This method was designed for use on carpeted and non-carpeted surfaces. Using data from the Cincinnati Soil Lead Abatement Demonstration Project, the suggested floor-dust lead level where an estimated 95% of the population of children would be expected to have blood lead values below the national goal of 10 g dL^–1, was more than an order of magnitude lower than the current floor-dust lead clearance level of 1080 g m^–2 (100 g ft^–2). Further comparisons of blood lead and carpet lead levels in other parts of the country should be performed before a risk-based lead loading clearance level is established.     

Accounting for Uncertainty in Making Species Protection Decisions

Abstract:  Uncertainty gives rise to two decision errors in implementing the U.S. Endangered Species Act: listing species that are not in danger of extinction and delisting species that are in danger of extinction. I evaluated four methods (minimum standard, precautionary principle, minimax regret criterion, adaptive management) for deciding whether to list or delist a species when there is uncertainty about how those decisions are likely to influence survival of the species. A safe minimum standard criterion preserves some minimum amount or safe standard (population) of a species unless maintaining that amount generates unacceptable social cost. The precautionary principle favors not delisting a species when there is insufficient evidence on the efficacy of state management plans for protecting them. A minimax regret criterion selects the delisting decision that minimizes the maximum loss likely to occur under alternative ecosystem states. When the cost of making a correct decision is less than the cost of making an incorrect decision, the minimax regret criteria indicates that delisting is the optimal decision. Active adaptive management employs statistically valid experiments to test hypotheses about the likely impacts of delisting decisions. Safe minimum standard and minimax regret criterion are not compatible with the U.S. Endangered Species Act. The precautionary principle comes closest to describing how federal agencies make delisting decisions. Active adaptive management is scientifically superior to the other methods but is costly and time consuming and may not be compatible with the U.S. National Environmental Policy Act.     

基于数理统计理论的超标概率在环境质量评价中的应用

目前经常使用的评价环境质量超标情况的主要指标为超标率,但它将环境监测抽样样本和样本总体相混淆,从而导致其不能客观评价环境质量的超标情况。基于概率统计论提出了一种新的指标——超标概率来评价环境质量的超标情况。利用抽样样本的特性,求出超标概率。由于环境监测样本抽样方式的不同,超标概率的计算公式也略有不同。为了说明该方法如何运用,以京杭大运河宿迁段水质为例,分析了每种污染物和整个京杭大运河宿迁段的超标情况。     

我国综合环境试验现状与发展建议

综述了我国现阶段仍存在环境试验标准体系不够完善、综合化程度低、置信度不高等问题,指出综合环境试验能力亟待发展。建议重点从环境工程标准化体系建设、综合环境试验能力建设和以军促民全面发展三个方面发展我国综合环境试验。     

东北地区工业污染时空格局演变研究

基于东北地区2003—2015年地市层面工业废水、工业SO2排放数据,采用标准差椭圆、地理集中度指数,从宏观及微观两个角度分析东北地区工业污染时空格局演变特征,并对工业发展与工业污染演变协同关系展开研究.结果表明,2003—2015年间东北地区两种工业污染排放量及占全国比重均有所提升,工业污染尤其是工业SO2污染对生态环境胁迫逐渐增大;标准差椭圆结果显示,工业污染在空间上均呈南(偏西)-北(偏东)方向分布,工业污染重心轨迹迁移存在相似性,工业SO2污染空间集聚程度高于工业废水;工业污染地理集中度显示,地市层面工业污染集聚情况呈南高北低的空间分布特征,研究期内工业污染集中度高值区分布范围明显收缩,空间特征得到强化;东北地区工业发展与工业污染空间形态演变存在相似性,空间形态上的差异逐渐减弱.分地区看,东北地区中部工业环境绩效最高,而工业污染集中度较低的北部工业环境绩效偏低,局部上表现出工业发展与工业污染变化不一致的特点.最后分析了工业及工业污染空间格局演变趋势及北部地区工业发展与工业污染变化不一致的原因.     

Influences of accumulated mileage and technological changes on emissions of regulated pollutants from gasoline passenger vehicles

In this study, the influences of accumulated mileage(deterioration) and technological changes(emission standards) on emission factors(EFs) of regulated pollutants(CO, HC, and NO_x) from gasoline passenger vehicles were investigated based on Inspection and Maintenance(I/M) data using the chassis dynamometer method. The accumulated mileage of passenger vehicles was significantly linearly correlated with vehicle age. For most cases,the average EFs of CO, HC and NO_x were significantly linearly correlated with accumulated mileage, indicating that emission deterioration had a significant impact on pollutant EFs.Implemented emission standards markedly influenced the EFs of regulated pollutants, and EFs markedly decreased with progressing emission standards. The present study also compared EFs of regulated pollutants between this study and the International vehicle emission(IVE) model, and marked differences in EFs were seen with variations in emission standards, vehicle types and accumulated mileage; NO_x EFs in this study were higher than in the IVE model. The results provide new insight into estimating regulated pollutant emissions using the IVE model.     

国外恶臭污染管理办法对我国管理体系构建的启示

GB 14554-1993《恶臭污染物排放标准》是当前我国控制恶臭污染的主要手段,该标准的制定虽然在一定程度上减少了恶臭污染造成的不利影响,但随着投诉情况的逐年增加,已无法满足当前复杂严重污染形势的需要.为了全面系统地控制恶臭污染、提高恶臭污染管理工作能力、改善整体恶臭污染形势,需要掌握我国恶臭污染情况,并借鉴国外管理经验建立我国的恶臭污染管理体系.从法律法规、控制标准和评价方法3个方面,深入研究公害法、无组织源排放标准、有组织源排放标准和技术标准、安全防护距离、气味强度范围、气味指数、投诉标准和综合因素评价法等10种国外常用的恶臭污染管理方法,分析我国恶臭污染情况和恶臭污染管理现状,并结合国内外对比分析结果指出我国恶臭污染管理存在的问题.结果表明,我国恶臭污染管理存在起步晚、法规标准体系不完善、环境监管手段缺乏、恶臭污染防治系统缺失以及公共宣传、教育不到位等问题.建议将恶臭污染防治与管理纳入相关法律法规,完善法规体系;筛选、开发有效的检测技术,建立科学的标准化监测技术体系,提升监管能力;构建科学、合理的恶臭污染评价体系,形成企业积极采取措施开展控制技术升级改造的良性循环;加强与受控方、高校等科研单位和机构的交流合作,提高制订政策的有效性和执行性;加大公共宣传和教育力度,推动恶臭污染知识普及和建立民众监督机制.      

岷江大桥控制单元水体氨氮和总磷源解析

采用单因素法对岷江流域国控断面的岷江大桥水体进行评价,从污染源分担率、污染物时空变化等方面解析污染物的主要来源与变化。结果表明,水体不达标的主要因子为氨氮和总磷;污染物的主要来自城镇生活污水和规模化畜禽养殖废水的不达标排放,按各个污染源占比统计,2个主要污染源对于氨氮和总磷的污染分担率分别是42.54%、35.31%;受上游来水、其他补给水源的影响,氨氮浓度集中在1~5月超标严重,在2013年4月份出现峰值,总磷在2011~2014年普遍超标严重,在2014年5月出现峰值,由于"十二五"期间治污力度的加强,2015年氨氮污染趋势得到控制,总磷浓度明显有所降低,MIKE 21二维水动力水质模型模拟显示只要汇入支流断面均达到要求、污染负荷得到有效控制,控制单元能满足达标要求;最后从源头减排、区域综合整治、全程监管3个方面构建了使控制单元水体达标的策略。     

美国《清洁空气法》中的环境质量达标制度研究——以联邦与地方的权限为视角

虽然针对美国《清洁空气法》(CAA)的研究众多,然而诸多研究并未发掘至其之所以先进的核心。CAA之所以先进的关键在于重新分配法律(EPA是其代表)与州政府之间权力与义务的环境质量达标制度。CAA要求在联邦层面构建一个约束美国各州的大气环境质量标准体系,并且以各州的客观环境与发展程度为前提,赋予各州政府一系列的大气环境质量目标。各州政府需要在自身的权限范围内采取行动,从而为这一系列目标向联邦负责。CAA将自身的法律设置分为两大内容(或称两大原则):国家空气质量标准原则与州政府独立实施原则,并将两大原则转化为具体的程序:NAAQS与SIP。代表国家法律的环保署与代表实际环境义务承担者的州政府之间,是互相依赖又互相独立的关系。